1、Butterfly effect蝴蝶效应:上个世纪70年代，美国一个名叫洛伦兹的气象学家在解释空气系统理论时说，亚马逊雨林一只蝴蝶翅膀偶尔振动，也许两周后就会引起美国得克萨斯州的一场龙卷风。 蝴蝶效应是说，初始条件十分微小的变化经过不断放大，对其未来状态会造成极其巨大的差别。有些小事可以糊涂，有些小事如经系统放大，则对一个组织、一个国家来说是很重要的，就不能糊涂。
The butterfly effect is a phrase that encapsulates the more technical notion of sensitive dependence on initial conditions in chaos theory. Small variations of the initial condition of a dynamical system may produce large variations in the long term behavior of the system. This is sometimes presented as esoteric behavior, but can be exhibited by very simple systems: for example, a ball placed at the crest of a hill might roll into any of several valleys depending on slight differences in initial position.
It is a common subject in fiction when presenting scenarios involving time travel and with "what if" scenarios where one storyline diverges at the moment of a seemingly minor event resulting in two significantly different outcomes.
2、青蛙现象：把一只青蛙直接放进热水锅里，由于它对不良环境的反应十分敏感，就会迅速跳出锅外。如果把一个青蛙放进冷水锅里，慢慢地加温，青蛙并不会立即跳出锅外，水温逐渐提高的最终结局是青蛙被煮死了，因为等水温高到青蛙无法忍受时，它已经来不及、或者说是没有能力跳出锅外了。 青蛙现象告诉我们，一些突变事件，往往容易引起人们的警觉，而易致人于死地的却是在自我感觉良好的情况下，对实际情况的逐渐恶化，没有清醒的察觉。
3、鳄鱼法则：其原意是假定一只鳄鱼咬住你的脚，如果你用手去试图挣脱你的脚，鳄鱼便会同时咬住你的脚与手。你愈挣扎，就被咬住得越多。所以，万一鳄鱼咬住你的脚，你唯一的办法就是牺牲一只脚。譬如在股东篱把酒黄昏后市中，鳄鱼法则就是：当你发现自己的交易背离了市场的方向，必须立即止损，不得有任何延误，不得存有任何侥幸。
4、Catfish effect鲇鱼效应：以前，沙丁鱼在运输过程中成活率很低。后有人发现，若在沙丁鱼中放一条鲇鱼，情况却有所改观，成活率会大大提高。这是何故呢?原来鲇鱼在到了一个陌生的环境后，就会“性情急躁”，四处乱游，这对于大量好静的沙丁鱼来说，无疑起到了搅拌作用;而沙丁鱼发现多了这样一个“异已分子”，自然也很紧张，加速游动。这样沙丁鱼缺氧的问题就迎刃而解了，沙丁鱼也就不会死了。
The catfish effect is the effect that a strong competitor has in causing the weak to better themselves.[1]
In Norway, live sardines are a few times more expensive than frozen ones. It was said that only one ship could bring live Sardine home, and the ship master kept his method a secret. When he later died, people found that there was one catfish in the container. The catfish keeps swimming and the sardine becomes very active to avoid direct contact with this Catfish.
In human resource management, this is a method used to motivate a team so that each member feels a strong competition, thus keeping up the competitiveness of the whole team.
5、Herd behavior羊群效应：头羊往哪里走，后面的羊就跟着往哪里走。羊群效应最早是股票投资中的一个术语，主要是指投资者在交易过程中存在学习与模仿现象，“有样学样”，盲目效仿别人，从而导致他们在某段时期内买卖相同的股票。
Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. The term pertains to the behavior of animals in herds, flocks, and schools, and to human conduct during activities such as stock market bubbles and crashes, street demonstrations, sporting events, episodes of mob violence and even everyday decision making, judgment and opinion forming.
6、Hedgehog's dilemma刺猬法则：两只困倦的刺猬，由于寒冷而拥在一起。可因为各自身上都长着刺，于是它们离开了一段距离，但又冷得受不了，于是凑到一起。几经折腾，两只刺猬终于找到一个合适的距离：既能互相获得对方的温暖而又不至于被扎。 刺猬法则主要是指人际交往中的“心理距离效应”。
The hedgehog's dilemma, or sometimes the porcupine dilemma, is an analogy about the challenges of human intimacy. It describes a situation in which a group of hedgehogs all seek to become close to one another in order to share their heat during cold weather. However, once accomplished, they cannot avoid hurting one another with their sharp quills. They must step away from one another. Though they all share the intention of a close reciprocal relationship, this may not occur for reasons which they cannot avoid.
7、Watch Law手表定律：手表定律是指一个人有一只表时，可以知道现在是几点钟，而当他同时拥有两只时却无法确定。两只表并不能告诉一个人更准确的时间，反而会使看表的人失去对准确时间的信心。手表定律在企业管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发，就是对同一个人或同一个组织不能同时采用两种不同的方法，不能同时设置两个不同的目标，甚至每一个人不能由两个人来同时指挥，否则将使这个企业或者个人无所适从。
8、破窗理论：一个房子如果窗户破了，没有人去修补，隔不久，其它的窗户也会莫名其妙地被人打破;一面墙，如果出现一些涂鸦没有被清洗掉，很快的，墙上就布满了乱七八糟、不堪入目的东西;一个很干净的地方，人们不好意思丢垃圾，但是一旦地上有垃圾出现之后，人就会毫不犹疑地抛，丝毫不觉羞愧。
9、Pareto principle 二八定律(巴莱多定律)：19世纪末20世纪初意大利的经济学家巴莱多认为，在任何一组东西中，最重要的只占其中一小部分，约20%，其余80%尽管是多数，却是次要的。 社会约80%的财富集中在20%的人手里，而80%的人只拥有20%的社会财富。这种统计的不平衡性在社会、经济及生活中无处不在，这就是二八法则。二八法则告诉我们，不要平均地分析、处理和看待问题，企业经营和管理中要抓住关键的少数;要找出那些能给企业带来80%利润、总量却仅占20%的关键客户，加强服务，达到事半功倍的效果;企业领佳节又重阳导人要对工作认真分类分析，要把主要精力花在解决主要问题、抓主要项目上。
The Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule,[1] the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.[2][3]Business management thinker Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population.[3] It is a common rule of thumb in business; e.g., "80% of your sales come from 20% of your clients." Mathematically, where something is shared among a sufficiently large set of participants, there will always be a number k between 50 and 100 such that k% is taken by (100 − k)% of the participants. However, k may vary from 50 in the case of equal distribution to nearly 100 when a tiny number of participants account for almost all of the resource. There is nothing particularly special about the number 80, but many systems will have k somewhere around this region of intermediate imbalance in distribution.
The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency, which was also introduced by the same economist, Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto developed both concepts in the context of the distribution of income and wealth among the population.
10、barrel theory木桶理论：组成木桶的木板如果长短不齐，那么木桶的盛水量不是取决于最长的那一块木板，而是取决于最短的那一块木板。
11、Matthew Effect 马太效应：《圣经?马太福音》中有一句名言：“凡有的，还要加给他，叫他有余;没有的，连他所有的，也要夺过来。”社会学家从中引申出了“马太效应”这一概念，用以描述社会生活领域中普遍存在的两极分化现象。
The Matthew effect in sociology is the phenomenon that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". Those who possess power and economic or social capital can leverage those resources to gain more power or capital. The Matthew effect results in a power law distribution of resources. The term was first coined by sociologist Robert K. Merton and takes its name from a line in the biblical Gospel of Matthew:
For to all those who have, more will be given, and they will have an abundance; but from those who have nothing, even what they have will be taken away.
—Matthew 25:29, New Revised Standard Version.
